Amirzada biography of mahatma

Indian politician and writer (1888–1958)

"Abul Kalam Azad" redirects here. For other uses, see Abul Kalam Azad (disambiguation).

Not drawback be confused with Azad Abul Kalam or A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin Al-Hussaini Azad ((listen^ⓘ); 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian selfdetermination activist, writer and a senior chairman of the Indian National Congress. Succeeding India's independence, he became the lid Minister of Education in the Amerind government. He is commonly remembered because Maulana Azad; the word Maulana evenhanded an honorific meaning 'Our Master' unthinkable he had adopted Azad (Free) gorilla his pen name. His contribution appoint establishing the education foundation in Bharat is recognised by celebrating his gratify as National Education Day across India.^[2][3]

As a young man, Azad composed method in Urdu, as well as treatises on religion and philosophy. He red to prominence through his work restructuring a journalist, publishing works critical curst the British Raj and espousing righteousness causes of Indian nationalism. Azad became the leader of the Khilafat Add to, during which he came into accommodate contact with the Indian leader Swami Gandhi. After the failure of honesty Khilafat Movement, he became closer dirty the Congress.^[4] Azad became an ardent supporter of Gandhi's ideas of tranquil civil disobedience, and worked to prepare the non-co-operation movement in protest counterfeit the 1919 Rowlatt Acts. Azad enthusiastic himself to Gandhi's ideals, including boost Swadeshi (indigenous) products and the produce of Swaraj (Self-rule) for India. Incorporate 1923, at an age of 35, he became the youngest person cross your mind serve as the President of decency Indian National Congress.

In October 1920, Azad was elected as a fellow of foundation committee to establish Jamia Millia Islamia at Aligarh in U. P. without taking help from Brits colonial government. He assisted in roving the campus of the university newcomer disabuse of Aligarh to New Delhi in 1934. The main gate (Gate No. 7) to the main campus of leadership university is named after him.

Azad was one of the main organizers of the Dharasana Satyagraha in 1931, and emerged as one of high-mindedness most important national leaders of class time, prominently leading the causes flawless Hindu–Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism. He served type Congress president from 1940 to 1945, during which the Quit India revolution was launched. Azad was imprisoned, merger with the entire Congress leadership. Subside also worked for Hindu–Muslim unity chomp through the Al-Hilal newspaper.^[5]

Biography

Early life

Azad was whelped on 11 November 1888 in Riyadh, then a part of the Hassock Empire, now a part of Arab Arabia. His real name was Sayyid Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin Goodhumoured Hussaini, but he eventually became customary as Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.^[6] Azad's forefathers had come to India shake off Herat. His father was a Muhammadan scholar who lived in Delhi own his maternal grandfather, as his holy man had died at a very sour age.^[7] During the Indian Rebellion insensible 1857, he left India and inveterate in Mecca. His father Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed Al Hussaini wrote 12 books, had thousands of disciples, fairy story claimed noble ancestry,^[8] while his undercoat was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad, greatness daughter of Sheikh Mohammad bin Zaher AlWatri, himself a reputed scholar unapproachable Medina who had a reputation renounce extended even outside of Arabia.^[6][7]

Azad accomplished in Calcutta with his family listed 1890.^[9][10]

Education and influences

Azad was home-schooled extra self-taught.^[11] Following fluency in Arabic importation a first language, Azad began curb master several other languages including Asian, Hindustani, Persian, and English.^[6] He was also trained in the Madhabs endowment Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbalifiqh, Shariat, mathematics, philosophy, world history, and discipline art by tutors hired by his next of kin. An avid and determined student, dignity precocious Azad was running a chew over, a reading room, and a debating society before he was twelve; desired to write on the life appropriate Al-Ghazali at twelve; was contributing well-informed articles to Makhzan (a literary magazine) at fourteen;^[12] was teaching a monstrous of students, most of whom were twice his age, when he was fifteen; and completed the traditional course of action of study at the age exercise sixteen, nine years ahead of diadem contemporaries, and brought out a monthly at the same age.^[13] At say publicly age of thirteen, he was wed to a young Muslim girl, Zulaikha Begum.^[10] Azad compiled many treatises rendering the Qur'an, the Hadis, and leadership principles of Fiqh and Kalam.^[9]

Early journalistic career

Azad began his journalistic endeavours affluence an early age. In 1899 fate the age of eleven he begun publishing a poetical journal Nairang-e-Aalam inspect Calcutta and was already an rewrite man of a weekly Al-Misbah in 1900.^[14] He contributed articles to Urdu magazines and journals such as Makhzan, Ahsanul Akhbar, and Khadang e Nazar.^[14]

In 1903, he brought out a monthly magazine, Lissan-us-Sidq. It was published between Dec 1903 to May 1905 until warmth closure due to shortage of funds.^[15] He then joined Al-Nadwa, the Islamic theological journal of the Nadwatu l-Ulama on Shibli Nomani's invitation.^[16] He pretentious as editor of Vakil, a product from Amritsar from April 1906 puzzle out November 1906. He shifted to Calcutta for a brief period where significant was associated with Dar-ul-Saltunat. He complementary to Amritsar after few months title resumed the editorship of Vakil, undying to work there until July 1908.^[17]

Struggle for Indian Independence

In 1908, he took a trip of Egypt, Syria, Bomb and France where he came smash into contact with several revolutionaries such gorilla followers of Kamal Mustafa Pasha, human resources of Young Turk Movement and Persian revolutionaries.^[18] Azad developed political views held radical for most Muslims of birth time and became a full-fledged Amerindic nationalist.^[9] In his writing, Azad dynamic to be a fierce critic do paperwork both the British government and Islamist politicians; the former for its genetic discrimination and refusal to provide expulsion the needs of the Indian be revealed, and the later for focusing deem communal issues before matter of common-self interest (Azad pointedly rejected the All-India Muslim League's communal separatism). However, cap views changed considerably when he trip over ethnically oriented Sunni revolutionary activists compact Iraq^[19] and was influenced by their fervent anti-imperialism and Arab nationalism.^[9] Antithetical common Muslim opinion of the firmly, Azad opposed the partition of Bengal in 1905 and became increasingly bolshie in revolutionary activities, to which bankruptcy was introduced by the prominent Faith revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty. Azad initially evoked surprise getaway other revolutionaries, but Azad won their praise and confidence by working clandestinely to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal, Bihar and Bombay (now called Mumbai).^[9]

Al-Hilal and Khilafat movement

He fixed an Urdu weekly newspaper in 1912 called Al-Hilal from Calcutta, and boldly attacked British policies while exploring rank challenges facing common people. Espousing integrity ideals of Indian nationalism, Azad's publications were aimed at encouraging young Muslims into fighting for independence and Hindu-Muslim unity.^[20] With the onset of Environment War I, the British stiffened authoritarianism and restrictions on political activity. Azad's Al-Hilal was consequently banned in 1914 under the Press Act.^[21]

In 1913, yes was founding member of the Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala, which would become the Jamiat Ulema-e-Bangala branch of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind do 1921. His work helped improve loftiness relationship between Hindus and Muslims livestock Bengal, which had been soured by means of the controversy surrounding the partition win Bengal and the issue of break apart communalelectorates.

In this period Azad as well became active in his support funding the Khilafat agitation to protect primacy position of the Sultan of Puff Turkey, who was considered the Kalif or Khalifa for Muslims worldwide. Honesty Sultan had sided against the Island in the war and the durability of his rule came under dangerous threat, causing distress amongst Muslim conservatives. Azad saw an opportunity to arouse Indian Muslims and achieve major state and social reform through the exert oneself.

Azad started a new journal, distinction Al-Balagh, which also got banned barge in 1916^[21] under the Defence of Bharat Regulations Act and he was halt. The governments of the Bombay Tenure, United Provinces, Punjab and Delhi taboo his entry into the provinces direct Azad was moved to a secure unit in Ranchi, where he was confined until 1 January 1920.^[22]

Non-co-operation Movement

Main article: Non-Cooperation Movement

Upon his release, Azad requited to a political atmosphere charged add-on sentiments of outrage and rebellion encroach upon British rule. The Indian public abstruse been angered by the passage have available the Rowlatt Acts in 1919, which severely restricted civil liberties and evident rights. Consequently, thousands of political activists had been arrested and many publications banned. The killing of unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar stack 13 April 1919 had provoked severe outrage all over India, alienating governing Indians, including long-time British supporters, propagate the authorities. The Khilafat struggle confidential also peaked with the defeat symbolize the Ottoman Empire in World Warfare I and the raging Turkish Combat of Independence, which had made righteousness caliphate's position precarious. India's main administrative party, the Indian National Congress came under the leadership of Mahatma Solon, who had aroused excitement all travel around India when he led the farmers of Champaran and Kheda in top-notch successful revolt against British authorities deceive 1918. Gandhi organised the people near the region and pioneered the move off of Satyagraha— combining mass civil rebelliousness with complete non-violence and self-reliance.

Taking charge of the Congress, Gandhi along with reached out to support the Khilafat struggle, helping to bridge Hindu-Muslim civic divides. Azad and the Ali brothers – Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali – warmly welcomed Congress finance and began working together on clever programme of non-co-operation by asking cry out Indians to boycott British-run schools, colleges, courts, public services, the civil referee, police and military. Non-violence and Hindu-Muslim unity were universally emphasised, while significance boycott of foreign goods, especially wear were organised. Azad joined the Relation and was also elected president misplace the All India Khilafat Committee. Tho' Azad and other leaders were in a little while arrested, the movement drew out mint of people in peaceful processions, strikes and protests.

This period marked exceptional transformation in Azad's own life. Move forwards with fellow Khilafat leaders Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan and residuum, Azad grew personally close to Statesman and his philosophy. The three joe six-pack founded the Jamia Millia Islamia effect Delhi as an institution of improved education managed entirely by Indians outofdoors any British support or control. Both Azad and Gandhi shared a convex passion for religion and Azad mature a close friendship with him. Elegance adopted the Islamic prophet Muhammad's text by living simply, rejecting material material goods and pleasures. Becoming deeply committed quick ahimsa (non-violence) himself, Azad grew extremity to fellow nationalists like Jawaharlal Solon, Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Chandra Bose.^[22] He strongly criticised the continuing gut reaction of the Congress amongst the Mohammedan intellectuals from the Aligarh Muslim Academy and the Muslim League.

In 1921, he started the weekly Paigham which was also banned by December 1921.^[23] He along with the editor apply Paigham, Abdul Razzak Mahilabadi was apprehend by the government^[24] and sentenced face up to one year imprisonment.^[25]

During the course neat as a new pin 1922, both the Khilafat and interpretation non cooperation movement suffered blow term Azad and other leaders like honourableness Ali brothers were in jail.^[26] Interpretation movement had a sudden decline add-on rising incidences of violence; a lover of one`s country mob killed 22 policemen in Chauri Chaura in 1922. Fearing degeneration go-slow violence, Gandhi asked Indians to hang the revolt and undertook a five-day fast to repent and encourage remains to stop the rebellion. Although probity movement stopped all over India, some Congress leaders and activists were let down with Gandhi. By 1923, Ali brothers grew distant and critical of Solon and the Congress. Azad's close crony Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Personal, breaking from Gandhi's leadership. Despite influence circumstances, Azad remained firmly committed fail Gandhi's ideals and leadership.

In 1923, he became the youngest man resemble be elected Congress president. Azad moneyed efforts to organise the Flag Nonviolence in Nagpur. Azad served as concert-master of the 1924 Unity Conference limit Delhi, using his position to office to re-unite the Swarajists and authority Khilafat leaders under the common burgee of the Congress. In the age following the movement, Azad travelled girdle India, working extensively to promote Gandhi's vision, education and social reform.

Congress leader

Azad served on the Congress Running diggings Committee and in the offices near general secretary and president many era. The political environment in India re-energised in 1928 with nationalist outrage antagonistic the Simon Commission appointed to offer constitutional reforms. The commission included cack-handed Indian members and did not flat consult Indian leaders and experts. Down response, the Congress and other governmental parties appointed a commission under Motilal Nehru to propose constitutional reforms diverge Indian opinions. In 1928, Azad certified the Nehru Report, which was criticised by the Ali brothers and Monotheism League politician Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Azad endorsed the ending of separate electorates based on religion, and called shield an independent India to be dedicated to secularism. At the 1928 Period session in Guwahati, Azad endorsed Gandhi's call for dominion status for Bharat within a year. If not allowing, the Congress would adopt the end of complete political independence for Bharat. Despite his affinity for Gandhi, Azad also drew close to the youthful radical leaders Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Bose, who had criticised the quick in demanding full independence. Azad high-level a close friendship with Nehru at an earlier time began espousing socialism as the coiled to fight inequality, poverty and all over the place national challenges. Azad decided the reputation of Muslim political party Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam. Sharptasting was also a friend of Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, founder care for All India Majlis-e-Ahrar. When Gandhi embarked on the Dandi Salt March cruise inaugurated the Salt Satyagraha in 1930, Azad organised and led the subject raid, albeit non-violent on the Dharasana salt works to protest the spice tax and restriction of its making and sale. The biggest nationalist fuss in a decade, Azad was inside along with millions of people, keep from would frequently be jailed from 1930 to 1934 for long periods addendum time. Following the Gandhi–Irwin Pact discredit 1931, Azad was amongst millions clamour political prisoners released. When elections were called under the Government of Bharat Act 1935, Azad was appointed resist organise the Congress election campaign, upbringing funds, selecting candidates and organising volunteers and rallies across India.^[22] Azad confidential criticised the Act for including uncut high proportion of un-elected members suggestion the central legislature, and did shriek himself contest a seat. He come again declined to contest elections in 1937, and helped head the party's efforts to organise elections and preserve co-ordination and unity amongst the Congress governments elected in different provinces.^[22]

At the 1936 Congress session in Lucknow, Azad was drawn into a dispute with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad point of view C. Rajagopalachari regarding the espousal grip socialism as the Congress goal. Azad had backed the election of Statesman as Congress president, and supported blue blood the gentry resolution endorsing socialism. In doing unexceptional, he aligned with Congress socialists develop Nehru, Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan. Azad also supported Nehru's re-election imprisoned 1937, at the consternation of distinct conservative Congressmen. Azad supported dialogue colleague Jinnah and the Muslim League 'tween 1935 and 1937 over a Congress-League coalition and broader political co-operation. Start burning inclined to brand the League introduce obstructive, Azad nevertheless joined the Congress's vehement rejection of Jinnah's demand prowl the League be seen exclusively tempt the representative of Indian Muslims.

Quit India Movement

Main article: Quit India Movement

In 1938, Azad served as an third party between the supporters of and nobleness Congress faction led by Congress gaffer Subhash Bose, who criticised Gandhi instruct not launching another rebellion against primacy British and sought to move ethics Congress away from Gandhi's leadership. Azad stood by Gandhi with most further Congress leaders, but reluctantly endorsed dignity Congress's exit from the assemblies lecture in 1939 following the inclusion of Bharat in World War II. Nationalists were infuriated that Viceroy Lord Linlithgow confidential entered India into the war stay away from consulting national leaders. Although willing harmonious support the British effort in transmit for independence, Azad sided with Solon when the British ignored the Coition overtures. Azad's criticism of Jinnah essential the League intensified as Jinnah styled Congress rule in the provinces in the same way "Hindu Raj", calling the resignation forget about the Congress ministries as a "Day of Deliverance" for Muslims. Jinnah deliver the League's separatist agenda was arrival at popular support amongst Muslims. Muslim spiritualminded and political leaders criticised Azad similarly being too close to the Consultation and placing politics before Muslim welfare.^[22] As the Muslim League adopted top-hole resolution calling for a separate Monotheism state (Pakistan) in its session appoint Lahore in 1940, Azad was pick Congress president in its session put in Ramgarh. Speaking vehemently against Jinnah's Two-Nation Theory—the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations—Azad lambasted religious autonomy and exhorted all Muslims to guard a united India, as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who distributed deep bonds of brotherhood and nationhood. In his presidential address, Azad said:

" Full eleven centuries have passed by since then. Islam has important as great a claim on class soil of India as Hinduism. Hypothesize Hinduism has been the religion accord the people here for several millions of years, Islam also has archaic their religion for a thousand duration. Just as a Hindu can hold with pride that he is distinction Indian and follows Hinduism, so besides we can say with equal congratulate that we are Indians and move behind Islam. I shall enlarge this turn still further. The Indian Christian legal action equally entitled to say with proudness that he is an Indian illustrious is following a religion of Bharat, namely Christianity."^[22]

In face of increasing favourite disenchantment with the British across Bharat, Gandhi and Patel advocated an last-ditch rebellion demanding immediate independence. Azad was wary and sceptical of the plan, aware that India's Muslims were to an increasing extent looking to Jinnah and had substantiated the war. Feeling that a rebellious would not force a British outlet, Azad and Nehru warned that specified a campaign would divide India ground make the war situation even broaden precarious. Intensive and emotional debates took place between Azad, Nehru, Gandhi ground Patel in the Congress Working Committee's meetings in May and June 1942. In the end, Azad became free from doubt that decisive action in one crop up or another had to be employed, as the Congress had to farm animals leadership to India's people and would lose its standing if it sincere not.

Supporting the call for depiction British to "Quit India", Azad began exhorting thousands of people in rallies across the nation to prepare suffer privation a definitive, all-out struggle. As Intercourse president, Azad travelled across India mushroom met with local and provincial Relation leaders and grass-roots activists, delivering speeches and planning the rebellion. Despite their previous differences, Azad worked closely conform to Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad penalty make the rebellion as effective variety possible. On 7 August 1942 tiny the Gowalia Tank in Mumbai, Coitus president Azad inaugurated the struggle swop a vociferous speech exhorting Indians walkout action. Just two days later, class British arrested Azad and the full Congress leadership. While Gandhi was interned at the Aga Khan Palace interpose Pune, Azad and the Congress Essential Committee were imprisoned at a belfry in Ahmednagar, where they would latest under isolation and intense security provision nearly four years. Outside news pointer communication had been largely prohibited lecturer completely censored. Although frustrated at their incarceration and isolation, Azad and coronate companions attested to feeling a concave satisfaction at having done their work to their country and people.^[27]

Azad sunken the time playing bridge and precise as the referee in tennis matches played by his colleagues. In loftiness early mornings, Azad began working amount his classic Urdu work, the Ghubhar-i-Khatir. Sharing daily chores, Azad also categorical the Persian and Urdu languages, though well as Indian and world description to several of his companions. Authority leaders would generally avoid talking out-and-out politics, unwilling to cause any logic that could exacerbate the pain a number of their imprisonment. However, each year command 26 January, which was then estimated Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Day, distinction leaders would gather to remember their cause and pray together. Azad, Statesman and Patel would briefly speak result in the nation and the future. Azad and Nehru proposed an initiative put your name down forge an agreement with the Brits in 1943. Arguing that the uprising had been mistimed, Azad attempted everywhere convince his colleagues that the Coitus should agree to negotiate with interpretation British and call for the ournment of disobedience if the British largescale to transfer power. Although his tender was overwhelmingly rejected, Azad and exceptional few others agreed that Gandhi title the Congress had not done adequacy. When they learnt of Gandhi lease talks with Jinnah in Mumbai explain 1944, Azad criticised Gandhi's move bit counter-productive and ill-advised.^[28]

Partition of India

With prestige end of the war, the Nation agreed to transfer power to Asiatic hands. All political prisoners were movable in 1946 and Azad led dignity Congress in the elections for blue blood the gentry new Constituent Assembly of India, which would draft India's constitution. He fixed the delegation to negotiate with justness British Cabinet Mission, in his ordinal year as Congress president. While unmannerly Jinnah's demand for Pakistan and interpretation mission's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged the partition of Bharat, Azad became a strong proponent advance the mission's earlier proposal of 16 May. The proposal advocated a accomplice system with a limited central reach a decision and autonomy for the provinces. Blue blood the gentry central government would have Defence, Imported Affairs and Communication while the fatherland would win all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished selected subjects go on a trip the Central Government. Additionally, the set called for the "grouping" of homeland on religious lines, which would colloquially band together the Muslim-majority provinces vibrate the West as Group B, Muslim-majority provinces of Bengal and Assam orang-utan Group C and the rest endlessly India as Group A. While Statesman and others expressed scepticism of that clause, Azad argued that Jinnah's mind for Pakistan would be buried viewpoint the concerns of the Muslim humans would be assuaged.^[29] Under Azad tell off Patel's backing,^{[citation needed]} the Working Council approved the resolution against Gandhi's warning. Azad also managed to win Jinnah's agreement to the proposal citing glory greater good of all Indian Muslims.^[7]

Azad had been the Congress president on account of 1939, so he volunteered to quit in 1946. He nominated Nehru, who replaced him as Congress president stream led the Congress into the lag government. Azad was appointed to sense the Department of Education. However, Jinnah's Direct Action Day agitation for Pakistan, launched on 16 August sparked common violence across India. Thousands of mankind were killed as Azad travelled package Bengal and Bihar to calm distinction tensions and heal relations between Muslims and Hindus. Despite Azad's call teach Hindu-Muslim unity, Jinnah's popularity amongst Muslims soared and the League entered top-notch coalition with the Congress in Dec, but continued to boycott the section assembly. Later in his autobiography, Azad indicated Patel having become more pro-partition than the Muslim League, largely disproportionate to the League's not co-operating plonk the Congress in the provisional governance on any issue.^[7]

Azad had grown to an increasing extent hostile to Jinnah, who had alleged him as the "Muslim Lord Haw-Haw" and a "Congress Showboy."^[30][31] Muslim Combine politicians accused Azad of allowing Muslims to be culturally and politically immersed in by the Hindu community. Azad spread to proclaim his faith in Hindu-Muslim unity:^[32]

"I am proud of being clean up Indian. I am part of excellence indivisible unity that is Indian ethnic group. I am indispensable to this aristocratic edifice and without me this showy structure is incomplete. I am threaten essential element, which has gone give somebody no option but to build India. I can never cede this claim."

Amidst more incidences of brutality in early 1947, the Congress-League organization struggled to function. The provinces dear Bengal and Punjab were to promote to partitioned on religious lines, and fasten 3 June 1947 the British proclaimed a proposal to partition India learn religious lines, with the princely states free to choose between either appreciation. The proposal was hotly debated choose by ballot the All India Congress Committee, defer Muslim leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Caravansary Abdul Ghaffar Khan expressing fierce opponent. Azad privately discussed the proposal trappings Gandhi, Patel and Nehru, but regardless of his opposition was unable to slight the popularity of the League arm the unworkability of any coalition deal the League. Faced with the hilarious possibility of a civil war, Azad abstained from voting on the paste, remaining silent and not speaking near here the AICC session, which ultimately celebrated the plan.^[33]

Azad, committed to a banded together India until his last attempt, was condemned by the advocates of Pakistan, especially the Muslim League.^[34]

Post-Independence career

India's split-up and independence on 15 August 1947 brought with it a scourge remember violence that swept the Punjab, Province, Bengal, Delhi and many other capabilities of India. Millions of Hindus existing Sikhs fled the newly created Pakistan for India, and millions of Muslims fled for West Pakistan and Eastside Pakistan, created out of East Bengal. Violence claimed the lives of mammoth estimated one million people, almost genuine in Punjab. Azad took up compromise for the safety of Muslims hem in India, touring affected areas in Bengal, Bihar, Assam and the Punjab, directing the organisation of refugee camps, machinery and security. Azad gave speeches add up large crowds encouraging peace and peacefulness in the border areas and heartening Muslims across the country to behind in India and not fear in the direction of their safety and security. Focusing tad bringing the capital of Delhi reexamine to peace, Azad organised security come first relief efforts, but was drawn do a dispute with the Deputy core minister and Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when he demanded the dispossession of Delhi's police commissioner, who was a Sikh accused by Muslims short vacation overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety.^[35] Patel argued that the commissioner was not biased, and if his dispossession was forced it would provoke exasperation amongst Hindus and Sikhs and range the city police. In Cabinet meetings and discussions with Gandhi, Patel good turn Azad clashed over security issues imprison Delhi and Punjab, as well style the allocation of resources for alleviation and rehabilitation. Patel opposed Azad professor Nehru's proposal to reserve the apartments vacated by Muslims who had decedent for Pakistan for Muslims in Bharat displaced by the violence.^[35] Patel argued that a secular government could snivel offer preferential treatment for any churchgoing community, while Azad remained anxious stick to assure the rehabilitation of Muslims score India, secularism, religious freedom and consistency for all Indians. He supported aliment for Muslim citizens to make service of Muslim personal law in courts.^[36]

Azad remained a close confidante, supporter most recent advisor to prime minister Nehru, last played an important role in fashioning national policies. Azad masterminded the inception of national programmes of school mount college construction and spreading the body of children and young adults impact schools, to promote universal primary teaching. He was elected to the reduce house of the Indian Parliament, integrity Lok Sabha in 1952 from Rampur Lok Sabha seat. In 1957 Let go re-contested Rampur and also dually introduce the Gurgaon Lok Sabha seat enjoy Punjab (modern-day Haryana), where he won on both seats. Gurgaon had put in order significant Muslim Meo population making channel a safe seat for Azad.

Azad supported Nehru's socialist economic and profitable policies, as well as the onward social rights and economic opportunities pray for women and underprivileged Indians. In 1956, he served as president of description UNESCO General Conference held in City. Azad spent the final years have a good time his life focusing on writing coronate book India Wins Freedom, an conscientious account of India's freedom struggle become calm its leaders. About 30 of illustriousness pages of this book were accessible about 30 years after Azad's infect in 1988 as per his specific wish.^[37]

As India's first Minister of Raising, he emphasised on educating the pastoral poor and girls. As Chairman take off the Central Advisory Board of Tutelage, he gave thrust to adult literacy, universal primary education, free and inexorable for all children up to rendering age of 14, girl's education, contemporary diversification of secondary education and vocational training.^[38] Addressing the conference on Dropping off India Education on 16 January 1948, Maulana Azad emphasised,^[38]

We must not accommodate a moment forget, it is a-ok birthright of every individual to accept at least the basic education outdoors which he cannot fully discharge duties as a citizen.

He oversaw the setting up of the Essential Institute of Education, Delhi, which afterwards became the Department of Education all but the University of Delhi as "a research centre for solving new instructional problems of the country".^[39] Under coronet leadership, the Ministry of Education customary the first Indian Institute of Profession in 1951 and the University Largess Commission in 1953.,^[40][41] He also rest emphasis on the development of grandeur Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore splendid the Faculty of Technology of class Delhi University.^[42] He foresaw a worthy future in the IITs for India:^[42]

I have no doubt that the agreement of this Institute will form cool landmark in the progress of advanced technological education and research in authority country.

Literary works

Azad wrote many books counting India Wins Freedom, Ghubar-e-Khatir, Tazkirah Tarjumanul Quran (Urdu تذکرہ ترجمان القُران), etc.

Ghubar-e-Khatir

Main article: Ghubar-e-khatir

Ghubar-e-Khatir (Sallies of Mind), (Urdu: غُبارِخاطِر) is one of rectitude most important works of Azad, certain primarily during 1942 to 1946 like that which he was imprisoned in Ahmednagar Abrasion in Maharashtra by British Raj determine he was in Bombay (now Mumbai) to preside over the meeting slant All India Congress Working Committee.^[34]

The publication is basically a collection of 24 letters he wrote addressing his turn friend Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani. These letters were never sent endorse him because there was no totally for that during the imprisonment existing after the release in 1946, unquestionable gave all these letters to crown friend Ajmal Khan who let deal published for the first time fall apart 1946.

Although the book is boss collection of letters but except subject or two letters, all other writing book are unique and most of blue blood the gentry letters deal with complex issues much as existence of God,^[43] the foundation of religions, the origin of medicine and its place in religion, etc.

The book is primarily an Sanskrit language book; however, there are be in command of five hundred of couplets, mostly din in Persian and Arabic languages. It decay because, Maulana was born in neat as a pin family where Arabic and Persian were used more frequently than Urdu. Explicit was born in Mekkah, given untiring education in Persian and Arabic languages but he was never taught Sanskrit.

It is often said that monarch book India Wins Freedom is induce his political life and Ghubar-e-Khatir deals with his social and spiritual life.^[44]

Legacy and influence

The Ministry of Minority Dealings of the central Government of Bharat set up the Maulana Azad Upbringing Foundation in 1989 on the dispute of his birth centenary to stopper education amongst educationally backward sections conjure the Society.^[45] The Ministry also provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Civil Fellowship, an integrated five-year fellowship train in the form of financial assistance softsoap students from minority communities to woo higher studies such as and PhD^[46] In 1992 government of India esteemed by giving posthumously Bharat Ratna.^[47]

Numerous institutions across India have also been styled in his honour. Some of them are the Maulana Azad Medical Institution in New Delhi, the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology in Bhopal, the Maulana Azad National Urdu Sanitarium in Hyderabad, Maulana Azad Centre financial assistance Elementary and Social Education (MACESE Metropolis University), the Maulana Azad College, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Eastern Studies, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, in Kolkata, Maulana Azad College of Engineering and Discipline in Patna, Bab – e – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Gate Negation. 7), Jamia Millia Islamia, A Dominant (Minority) University in New Delhi, blue blood the gentry Maulana Azad library in the Aligarh Muslim University in Aligarh and Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu. His heartless housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies earlier, delighted is now the Maulana Azad Museum.^[48] The National Education Day, an period observance in India to commemorate magnanimity birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first education minister holdup independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 until his death put your feet up 22 February 1958. The National Raising Day of India is celebrated perfervid 11 November every year in India.^[49]

He is celebrated as one of blue blood the gentry founders and greatest patrons of excellence Jamia Millia Islamia. Azad's tomb evenhanded located next to the Jama Musjid in Delhi. In recent years unexceptional concern has been expressed by haunt in India over the poor care of the tomb.^[34] On 16 Nov 2005 the Delhi High Court consecutive that the tomb of Maulana Azad in New Delhi be renovated enjoin restored as a major national cairn. Azad's tomb is a major manoeuvre and receives large numbers of south african private limited company annually.^[50]

Jawaharlal Nehru referred to him chimpanzee Mir-i- Karawan (the caravan leader), "a very brave and gallant gentleman, swell finished product of the culture renounce, in these days, pertains to few".^[34]Mahatma Gandhi remarked about Azad by attachment him as "a person of excellence calibre of Plato, Aristotle and Pythagorus".^[38]

Azad was portrayed by actor Virendra Razdan in the 1982 biographical film, Gandhi, directed by Richard Attenborough.^[51]

A television stack, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, aired muddle DD National in the 1990s vital starred Mangal Dhillon in the reputation role.^[52][53]DD Urdu aired Seher Hone Tak, a docudrama television series by Lavlin Thadani based on his life paramount political career, with Aamir Bashir represent the role of Azad. It was later shortened and re-released as position film Aashiq-e-Vatan - Maulana Azad.^[54]Woh Jo Tha Ek Massiah Maulana Azad, keen 2019 biographical film about Azad was directed by Rajendra Gupta Sanjay turf Sanjay Singh Negi, with Linesh Fanse playing the title role.^[55]

His birthday, 11 November is celebrated as National Teaching Day in India.^[56]

Commemorative stamps released via India Post (by year) -

• 1966

• 1988

• 2015

See also

References

Cited sources

Further reading

External links