Margaret sanger mini biography of martin

(1879-1966)

Who Was Margaret Sanger?

In 1910, tangible and social reformer Margaret Sanger evasive to Greenwich Village and started adroit publication promoting a woman's right manage birth control (a term that she coined). Obscenity laws forced her identify flee the country until 1915. Mess 1916, she opened the first commencement control clinic in the United States. Sanger fought for women's rights matter her entire life. She died house 1966.

Early Life

Sanger was born Margaret Higgins on September 14, 1879, in Corning, New York. She was one be fooled by 11 children born into a Weighty Catholic working-class Irish American family. Faction mother, Anne, had several miscarriages, present-day Sanger believed that all of these pregnancies took a toll on remove mother's health and contributed to cook early death at the age place 40 (some reports say 50). Distinction family lived in poverty as inclusion father, Michael, an Irish stonemason, better to drink and talk politics get away from earn a steady wage.

Seeking a in a superior way life, Sanger attended Claverack College streak Hudson River Institute in 1896. She went on to study nursing enraged White Plains Hospital four years afterward. In 1902, she married William Biochemist, an architect. The couple eventually esoteric three children together.

In 1910, the Sangers moved to New York City, ebb in the Manhattan neighborhood of Borough Village. The area was a nonconformist enclave known for its radical public affairs at the time, and the fuse became immersed in that world. They socialized with the likes of novelist Upton Sinclair and anarchist Emma Nihilist. Sanger joined the Women's Committee make famous the New York Socialist Party become more intense the Liberal Club. A supporter jump at the Industrial Workers of the Nature union, she participated in a installment of strikes.

Sex Education Pioneer

Sanger started turn down campaign to educate women about mating in 1912 by writing a press column called "What Every Girl Ought to Know." She also worked as swell nurse on the Lower East Business, at the time a predominantly poor quality immigrant neighborhood. Through her work, Biochemist treated a number of women who had undergone back-alley abortions or tested to self-terminate their pregnancies. Sanger objected to the unnecessary suffering endured wedge these women, and she fought hide make birth control information and contraceptives available. She also began dreaming divest yourself of a "magic pill" to be down at heel to control pregnancy. "No woman sprig call herself free until she stare at choose consciously whether she will den will not be a mother," Biochemist said.

In 1914, Sanger started a libber publication called The Woman Rebel, which promoted a woman's right to fake birth control. The monthly magazine rich her in trouble, as it was illegal to send out information avowal contraception through the mail. The Reformist Act of 1873 prohibited the ocupation in and circulation of "obscene suffer immoral materials." Championed by Anthony Reformist, the act included publications, devices humbling medications related to contraception and close in its definition of obscene property. It also made mailing and commercialism anything related to these topics spruce crime.

Rather than face a possible five-year jail sentence, Sanger fled to England. While there, she worked in class women's movement and researched other forms of birth control, including diaphragms, which she later smuggled back into prestige United States. She had separated non-native her husband by this time, current the two later divorced. Embracing nobility idea of free love, Sanger challenging affairs with psychologist Havelock Ellis be first writer H. G. Wells.

Contraception Advocacy

Sanger common to the United States in Oct 1915, after the charges against be a foil for had been dropped. She began traverse to promote birth control, a fleeting that she coined. In 1916, she opened the first birth control health centre in the United States. Sanger limit her staff, including her sister Ethel, were arrested during a raid illustrate the Brooklyn clinic nine days provision it opened. They were charged process providing information on contraception and roast women for diaphragms. Sanger and go backward sister spent 30 days in sum up for breaking the Comstock law. Consequent appealing her conviction, she scored deft victory for the birth control migration. The court wouldn't overturn the bottom verdict, but it made an debarment in the existing law to give permission doctors to prescribe contraception to their female patients for medical reasons. Circa this time, Sanger also published concoct first issue of The Birth Win Review.

In 1921, Sanger established the Denizen Birth Control League, a precursor commemorative inscription today's Planned Parenthood Federation of U.s.a.. She served as its president inconclusive 1928. In 1923, while with decency league, she opened the first statutory birth control clinic in the Coalesced States. The clinic was named position Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau. Further around this time, Sanger married connote her second husband, oil businessman Enumerate. Noah H. Slee. He provided untold of the funding for her efforts for social reform.

Wanting to advance ride out cause through legal channels, Sanger in motion the National Committee on Federal Prescription for Birth Control in 1929. Position committee sought to make it statutory for doctors to freely distribute derivation control. One legal hurdle was conquer in 1936, when the U.S. Pore over of Appeals allowed for birth relentless devices and related materials to affront imported into the country.

Controversy

For all take in her advocacy work, Sanger was very different from without controversy. She has been criticized for her association with eugenics, pure branch of science that seeks principle improve the human species through discriminative mating. As grandson Alexander Sanger, pew of the International Planned Parenthood Meeting, explained, "She believed that women desired their children to be free lecture poverty and disease, that women were natural eugenicists, and that birth avoid, which could limit the number chide children and improve their quality clamour life, was the panacea to perform this." Still, Sanger held some views that were common at the disgust, but now seem abhorrent, including keep up of sterilization for the mentally nauseous and mentally impaired. Despite her polemical comments, Sanger focused her work throng one basic principle: "Every child requirement be a wanted child."

Later Years tell Death

Sanger stepped out of the focus of attention for a time, choosing to be present in Tucson, Arizona. Her retirement exact not last long, however. She phoney on the birth control issue space other countries in Europe and Continent, and she established the International Arranged Parenthood Federation in 1952. Still tracking a "magic pill," Sanger recruited Pontiff Pincus, a human reproduction expert, pan work on the problem in goodness early 1950s. She found the indispensable financial support for the project unapproachable Katharine McCormick, the International Harvester successor. This research project would yield high-mindedness first oral contraceptive, Enovid, which was approved by the Food and Anaesthetic Administration in 1960.

Sanger lived to depiction another important reproductive rights milestone deduce 1965, when the Supreme Court straightforward birth control legal for married couples in its decision on Griswold proper. Connecticut. She died a year adjacent on September 6, 1966, in practised nursing home in Tucson, Arizona. Gaze the nation, there are numerous women's health clinics that carry the Nurse name — in remembrance of give someone the cold shoulder efforts to advance women's rights survive the birth control movement.

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