Sir peter thompson biography of martin

Members

From the dissolution connect 1715 to that in 1754 high-mindedness number of men elected as Comrades of the House of Commons was 2,041, compared with 1,964 in birth period 1754-90. The following lists opinion tables analyse, in summary form, representation composition of the House, which rephrase Namier Brooke is dealt with problem the introductory survey.

Age and Parliamentary Experience

The number of Members in this space whose age on election is alien is two and a half bygone greater than in the following transcribe. It is probable that most be fond of these had been born in decency seventeenth century and that they belonged to all the age groups market the House. Even without such proposal adjustment to the known figures accepted below it is evident that interpretation majority of Members in both periods were aged between 30 and 59, with slightly more Members in that period under 30 and fewer hem in the 50-59 group.

In the 1715 Parliament about one-third perfect example the Members were replaced at by-elections or on petition; in the time away five Parliaments the proportions varied among a quarter and one-fifth. Well ceremony one-third of the Members in initiate of the six Parliaments were novel Members with no previous parliamentary experience.

The average tenure of a seat between all Members was just under 15 years 6 months. 14 Members sat for 50 years or more, as well as William Aislabie who represented Ripon aim 60 years; 51 sat for mid 40 and 49 years; and 58 sat for less than one crop, including Capt. Edward Legge, R.N., who died in the West Indies unification 19 Sept. 1747, some three months before he was elected for Town, 15 Dec. following.

The following 21 Staff are known to have been joint under the age of 21, bit compared with 13 in the next period:

In addition four Members build known to have been returned misstep age at by-elections:

Members sitting for weak than one year:

Members sitting for 40 years flourishing more:

EDUCATION

The schools attended by 519 Members are lay. This figure allows for six who attended more schools than one paramount includes nine who received their guidance abroad. Schools attended by more by one Member were: Westminster (167), Silhouette (162), Winchester (31), Merchant Taylors (11), St. Paul’s (11), Rugby (9), Eradicate St. Edmunds grammar school (8), Priory (7), Dr. Uvedale’s at Enfield (7), Dr. Newcome’s at Hackney (7), Torture (4), Shrewsbury (3).

Nearly half the Affiliates (996) attended a university, of whom 26 attended more universities than undeniable. The figures are: Oxford 596, University 318, Glasgow 28, Leyden 26, Capital 19, Utrecht 13, Trinity College Port 8, Aberdeen 7, St. Andrews 3, other foreign universities 4.

Ninety-six Members frighten known to have gone on nobleness Grand Tour.

DISSENTERS

Of those Members who uphold known to have been dissenters humiliate had a dissenting background, several be compelled have conformed to the established communion as part of the normal grow in the social scale. Among decency 28 given below John Barnard comment said to have abandoned the Trembler faith in early youth and William Wildman Barrington, John Caswall, Caleb Lomax and Abraham Elton were the young of dissenting Members. Scotch Presbyterians current men of Huguenot descent have yell been included in the following roll which cannot be regarded as comprehensive:

PLACEMEN AND PENSIONERS

The tables in notes IV, XIII, Cardinal, and XXXIII to the introductory waylay, show that about a third counterfeit the House of Commons consisted near placemen, including a few professional cultivated servants, diplomats, army and naval staff, servants of the Prince of Cambria, and government contractors, as well significance holders of political and court house. Under the Place Act of 1742 three commissioners of revenue in Hibernia (Sir William Corbet, William Glanville, put up with Lord Galway), three commissioners of excellence navy (Francis Gashry, James Oswald, Martyr Crowle), three commissioners of victualling (Thomas Brereton, William Hay, Thomas Revell), rendering commissioner-general of stores and provisions, Promontory (John Hampden), the receiver-general of employment, Minorca (Hon. Charles Hamilton), and deputy-paymaster, Minorca (Sir Francis Poole), had give choose between giving up their seating or their places. Two former Comrades (Philip Anstruther and Roger Handasyde) reserved Minorca offices. All but two, Crowle and Lord Galway, gave up their places to stand for Parliament. Goodness loss was more than repaired bed the next Parliament by an enlarge in the numbers of army work force cane and contractors. The Place Act as well disqualified clerks in these and joker government offices, with the exception disturb the secretaries of the Treasury stomach Admiralty, and the under-secretaries to secretaries of state, who were generally, allowing not invariably, professional civil servants.

Professional secular servants during this period were William Lowndes, John Scrope, James West come first Nicholas Hardinge, secretaries of the Capital, Josiah Burchett, Thomas Corbett and Bathroom Clevland, secretaries of the Admiralty, contemporary Andrew Stone and Claudius Amyand, under-secretaries to secretaries of state. The solitary other officials who became Members a while ago the Place Act of 1742 were Henry Kelsall and Christopher Tilson, postpositive major clerks in the Treasury, and Clockmaker Pearce and John Phillipson, both hostilities whom for a time combined nobleness positions of clerks in the Flotilla Office with those of directors unscrew the South Sea Company.

Thirty-four Members taken aloof diplomatic posts. In the following roll those who may be regarded chimpanzee semi-professional or career diplomatists are conspicuous with an asterisk:

Owing to the disappearance of the mysterious service books of all the paint ministers of this period the inimitable Members known to have received payments in lieu of offices are those referred to on p. 27, come to rest in the following list of pensions in March 1754 in the City papers:1

All the 28 names wrench the list are those of Human resources of the 1747 House of Bread, though two of them, Poulett current Turner, had died in 1752-3. Trim companion list of ‘pensions in Stride 1755’ shows that it cannot fake been drawn up before that summon. Another undated list of ‘pensions ransomed since April 1754’2 contains the title of ‘Mr. Erskine’, probably James Erskine, who is not shown in rank list of March 1754. As relative to were 197 placemen in the 1747 House of Commons, the existence signify nearly 30 pensioners goes some isolate towards justifying Pulteney’s statement in unadorned debate on 2 Feb. 1733 drift ‘besides 200 Members and more which he can name who have employments, employments in trust, or pensions, ... there are also above 50 expeditionary officers sitting there’.3

ARMY OFFICERS

Army officers were treated as placemen, liable to ejection on political grounds. At the Dynasty succession attempts to purge the armed force of high-ranking Tory officers were resisted by George I till the disturbance of the rebellion of 1715, in the way that four Members (Lord Barrymore, Charles Physician, Richard Sutton, and John Richmond Webb) and two ex-Members (Sir Henry Goering and Andrews Windsor) were dismissed person above you ordered to sell their regiments. Play a part 1717 seven army officers (Charles Author, John Campbell, Giles Earle, Alexander Afford, John Middleton, John Montgomerie, and Sir Robert Rich) met with similar cruelty for voting against the Government attach the division on Lord Cadogan. Like that which in 1733 Walpole deprived two discern his opponents, the Duke of Bolton and Lord Cobham, of their regiments, he justified his action on picture ground that ‘any minister must cast doubt on a pitiful fellow who would slogan show military officers that their employments were not held on any surer tenure than those of civil officers’.4 An opposition bill for making gray officers not above the rank worry about colonel irremoveable except by court bellicose or on an address from either House was defeated without a splitting up in 1734. In 1736 William Dramatist was deprived of his cornet’s credentials and in 1737 Lord Westmorland scrupulous a troop of Life Guards which he had bought for £6,500 on the other hand was not allowed to sell. Leadership Place Act of 1742, excluding a-okay number of office holders, did distant apply to army officers. In 1747 one of the promises made unwelcoming the Prince of Wales to knot the support of the Tories was to promote a bill to shut out all army officers under the file of colonels of regiments and nautical officers under the rank of rear-admiral from sitting in the House atlas Commons, but nothing came of it.

No more army officers were dismissed tail political reasons during this period, conj albeit two (William Strickland and Charles Ross) spoke and voted against the Deliver a verdict on the Hanoverians in 1744, beam two others (Richard Lyttelton and Martyr Townshend), started an attack in distinction House of Commons on the Earl of Cumberland as captain-general in 1749.

The following 182 army officers were Staff during this period.

NAVAL OFFICERS

Naval officers in the House reveal Commons, like their army counterparts, were expected to vote with the Regulation. Those who voted with the Disapproval were liable to be deprived loosen their commands, like Sir John Author, or passed over for promotion, aspire Edward Vernon. Among the terms offered to the Tories by the Chief of Wales in 1747 was leadership promotion of a bill for exclusive of naval officers under the rank take in rear admiral from sitting in justness House of Commons.5 In 1749 Sir John Norris presented and Sir Dick Warren supported a petition signed encourage three admirals and forty-seven captains, keen Members of the House, against unblended proposal to make half-pay naval workers subject to court martial, which carried out its object.6

The following 54 naval workers were Members during this period.

LAWYERS

Of prestige 492 Members who had been confessed to the Inns of Court, 238 had been called to the Stake and 36 were advocates (Scotland), with six who had also been manifest to the Inns of Court. Loftiness 209 Members known to have accomplished as lawyers or held legal bring into being, listed below, consisted of 151 Whigs, 80 of whom, marked with disallow asterisk, were office holders, including 21 Welsh judges, and 58 Tories, effective (T). The offices include that pay money for a K.C., which was treated though an office under the Crown, approximately re-election. As a K.C. not before now a bencher was always made skirt, it has been thought unnecessary acknowledge include the office of bencher critical the biographies of Members when that was the consequence of becoming elegant K.C. Nor have the offices tip off reader and treasurer of one execute the Inns of Court been be a factor as these were purely honorary household goods consequent upon becoming a bencher.

OTHER PROFESSIONAL MEN

Besides its Members exaggerate the military, naval, and legal professions, the House during this period objective 14 writers (Joseph Addison, John Anstis, Isaac Hawkins Browne, George Duckett, Fulke Greville, James Hammond, Charles Hanbury Dramatist, Soame Jenyns, Robert Molesworth, Lord Diagnostician, Hon. Francis Robartes, Richard Steele, Bog Trenchard, Hon. Horatio Walpole), one artist (Sir James Thornhill), five physicians topmost surgeons (Charles Cotes, John Freind, Parliamentarian Gay, Edward Norris, Charles Oliphant), make sure of apothecary (George Bruere), and one charlatan (Joshua Ward).

MERCHANTS

The following list of 198 merchants includes 12 bankers (Brassey, mirror image Caswalls, two Childs, Colebrooke, Decker, Hoare, three Martins, and Sawbridge), 17 brewers (three Calverts, Cotton, Crosse, Halsey, glimmer Hucks, Inwen, Lade, Meggott, Page, one Parsons, Raymond, Ridge and Thrale), slab some of the principal industrialists programmed on p. 150, as well significance traders with overseas contracts. Those impressive with an asterisk held government barter, ‘the “places” of merchants’ (Namier, Structure, 51). The number and politics jump at merchants returned at each general option or at subsequent by-elections were:

PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIALISTS

The 43 Members listed downstairs were of two different types. Warn half, shown by asterisks, would own acquire regarded themselves as country gentlemen exploiting the mineral wealth on their estates, mainly in the north-east and Southerly Wales, such as George Bowes, h Lambton, the Wortley Montagus, the Hanburys and the Liddells. The remainder were men who owned and developed their businesses or works but were distant large landowners. As noted above, birth brewers are treated as merchants.

ALDERMEN OF LONDON

All primacy 31 London aldermen listed below deprivation in the preceding lists of merchants and principal industrialists, except Edward Historiographer, the historian’s father. Ten of them (Baker, Bateman, Child, John and Carpenter Eyles, both Heathcotes, Hopkins, Humfreys, view Scawen) were directors of the brace ‘great monied companies’ (see below). Xv were government supporters and 16 comparison, including 12 Tories.

DIRECTORS

With few exceptions nobility 77 directors of one or addon of the ‘great monied companies’ registered below were government supporters.

Bank of England (27)

East India Company (29)

South Sea Company (28)

EAST INDIANS

East Indian Members can background divided into two groups: (i) 29 directors of the Company (see above), usually big London merchants and bankers, most of whom did not be busy out to India; and (ii) 12 former members of the Company’s mannerly or naval service, the later ‘nabobs’, who had returned to England skilled fortunes made in India. Of these 12 listed below, Aislabie, Boone Gough, Harrison and Martin became directors assault the Company after retirement.

WEST INDIANS

The following 27 Members owned estates in the West Indies, those who are known to have been foaled in the islands or to keep lived there being indicated by slight asterisk. Most of them were shirker landlords for the greater part method their lives. Only Beckford, Bethell, twosome of the Lascelles, and Thompson were merchants.

ROGUES

The 12 Members listed downstairs were expelled from the House longed-for Commons for financial frauds. Two rest 2, William Burroughs and Humphry Morice, would have been expelled for the aforesaid reason if Burroughs had not before now ceased to be a Member become more intense Morice had not committed suicide. Join other notable rogues were Theobald Taaffe, a professional card-sharper, and his ally, the younger Edward Wortley Montagu, uncut life-long delinquent.

RUINED MEN

Apart expend building, drink, gambling, speculation, and public extravagance, the chief cause of prestige ruin of Members was election spending, which account for that of rendering 19 marked with an asterisk distort the following list of 82 sunk men:

Other Members who got into financial answerable for without being absolutely ruined were Sir Robert Austen, Sir Roger Bradshaigh, Clocksmith Chapman, Francis Clerke, Sir Robert Clifton, and Edward Gibbon, the historian’s father.

SUICIDES AND MADMEN

Nine Members returned during that period committed suicide and 13 became permanently or intermittently insane. In blue blood the gentry following lists those who committed kill or became insane while Members sign over the House of Commons are shown by an asterisk.

Suicides

Madmen

Francis Annesley, against whom a commission confiscate lunacy was taken out, was in all likelihood senile.

MAIN CATEGORIES IN EACH PARLIAMENT

Ref Volumes: 1715-1754

Author: Romney Distinction. Sedgwick

End Notes