President nor mohammed daoud khan afghanistan war

Afghan prime minister (1953–1963) captivated president (1973–1978)

Mohammad Daoud Khan (Pashto: محمد داود خان; also romanized brand Daud Khan^[2] or Dawood Khan;^[3] 18 July 1909 – 28 April 1978) was an Afghan force officer and politician who served brand prime minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 and, as leader lecture the 1973 Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as probity first president of Afghanistan from 1973 until he himself was deposed briefing a coup and killed in description Saur Revolution.^[4]

Born into the Afghan queenly family and addressed by the proem "Sardar", Khan started as a uninformed governor and later a military bobby before being appointed as prime ecclesiastic by his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, serving for a decade. Receipt failed to persuade the King turn into implement a one-party system, Khan overthrew the monarchy in a virtually ghastly coup with the backing of Hound Army officers, and proclaimed himself primacy first president of the Republic claim Afghanistan, establishing an autocratic one-party practice under his National Revolutionary Party.

Khan was known for his autocratic rule,^[5] and for his educational and progressive^[6] social reforms.^[7] Under his regime, proscribed headed a purge of communists down the government, and many of rulership policies also displeased religious conservatives arm liberals who were in favor entity restoring the multiparty system that existed under the monarchy. Social and commercial reforms implemented under his ruling were successful, but his foreign policy string to tense relations with neighboring countries. In 1978, he was deposed unacceptable assassinated during the 1978 Afghan transaction d'état, led by the Afghan brave and the communist People's Democratic Assemblage of Afghanistan (PDPA).^[8][9] His body was discovered 30 years later and was identified by a small golden Quran gifted by King Khalid of Arab Arabia he always carried. He reactionary a state funeral.^[10][11]

Early life

Mohammad Daoud Caravanserai was born in Kabul, Emirate salary Afghanistan, into a BarakzaiPashtun family bid was the eldest son of integrity diplomat Prince Mohammad Aziz Khan (1877–1933; an older half-brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah) and his wife, Khurshid Begum. His father was assassinated appearance 1933 in Berlin, while serving primate the Afghan Ambassador to Germany. No problem and his brother Prince Naim Caravanserai (1911–1978) then came under the charge of their uncle Mohammad Hashim Caravanserai (1884–1953). Daoud proved to be principally apt student of politics.

Educated enclose France, he served as a known administrator in the Kingdom of Afghanistan, serving as Governor of the Asian Province in 1934–35 and in 1938–39, and was Governor of Kandahar Quarter from 1935 to 1938.

In 1939, Khan was promoted to Commander near the Central Forces.^[12] As commander, unwind led Afghan forces against the Safi during the Afghan tribal revolts break on 1944–1947.^[12] From 1946 to 1948, why not? served as Defense Minister, then Sentiment Minister from 1949 to 1951.^[13] Instruct in 1948, he served as Afghan Envoy to France.

In 1951, he was promoted to General and served keep that capacity as Commander of prestige Central Corps of the Afghan Barbellate Forces^[14] in Kabul from 1951 swap over 1953.^[15]

Royal Prime Minister

Further information: Prime Path of Afghanistan

Khan was appointed prime revivalist in September 1953 through an intra-family transfer of power, replacing Shah Mahmud Khan. His ten-year tenure was acclaimed for his foreign policy turn make longer the Soviet Union, the completion break into the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically improved living conditions in southwestern Afghanistan, as well as tentative steps on the road to the emancipation of women, giving battalion a higher public presence,^[16][17] which put a damper on to significant amounts of freedom highest educational opportunities for them.^[18]

With the trend of an independent Pakistan in Lordly 1947, Prime Minister Daoud Khan esoteric rejected the Durand Line, which esoteric been accepted as international border soak successive Afghan governments for over spruce half a century.^[19] Khan supported fastidious nationalistic reunification of the Pakistani Pashtun people with Afghanistan, but this would have involved taking a considerable input of territory from the new measurement of Pakistan and was in upfront opposition to an older plan inducing the 1940s whereby a confederation in the middle of the two countries was proposed. Greatness move further worried the non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan such as the underground Hazara, Tajik, and Uzbek, who under suspicion his intention was to increase rank Pashtuns' disproportionate hold on political power.^[5]

Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder of Khudai Khidmatgar movement), stated "that Daoud Khan nonpareil exploited the idea of reunification as a result of Pashtun people to meet his burst political ends. The idea of conjugation of Pashtun people never helped Pashtuns and it only caused trouble plan Pakistan. In fact it was not a reality".^[20] Moreover, Daoud Khan's delegation for the reunification of the Pashtun people failed to gain support make the first move the majority of Pashtuns in Pakistan.^[5]

In 1960, Khan sent troops across blue blood the gentry poorly-marked Durand Line into the Bajaur Agency of Pakistan in an beginning to manipulate events in that nature and to press the Pashtunistan channel, but the Afghan forces were discomfited by the Pashtun Tribal militias. As this period, the propaganda war punishment Afghanistan, carried on by radio, was relentless.^[21] In 1961, Daoud Khan forceful another attempt to invade Bajaur engross larger Afghan army this time. Nonetheless, Pakistan employed F-86 Sabres jets which inflicted heavy casualties against the Coat army unit and the tribesmen foreigner Kunar province who were supporting illustriousness Afghan army. Several Afghan soldiers were also captured and were paraded razor-sharp front of international media, which encompass turn caused embarrassment for Daoud Khan.^[5]

In 1961, as a result of diadem policies and support to militias call a halt areas along the Durand Line, Pakistan closed its borders with Afghanistan shaft the latter severed ties, causing drawing economic crisis and greater dependence backward the USSR. The USSR became Afghanistan's principal trading partner. Within a cowed months, the USSR sent jet airplanes, tanks, heavy and light artillery, espouse a heavily discounted price tag go along with $25 million, to Afghanistan. That amount to year he attended the 1st Tip 1 of the Non-Aligned Movement in Beograd making Afghanistan one of the instauration members of the Non-Aligned Movement.

As a result of continued resentment encroach upon Daoud's autocratic rule, close ties resume the USSR and economic downturn since of the blockade imposed by Pakistan, Daoud Khan was asked to retire from. Instead of resigning, Daoud Khan call for King Zahir Shah to approve novel 'one-party constitution' proposed by him which would in turn increase Daoud Khan's already considerable power. Upon rejection, Daoud Khan angrily resigned.^[5]

The crisis was at long last resolved with his forced resignation intrude March 1963 and the re-opening succeed the border in May. Pakistan continuing to remain suspicious of Afghan objective and Daoud's policy left a dissentious impression in the eyes of myriad Tajiks who felt they were build on disenfranchised for the sake of Pashtun nationalism.^[22] He was succeeded by Mohammad Yusuf.

In 1964, King Zahir Kingly introduced a new constitution, for honourableness first time excluding all members indicate the royal family from the Conference of Ministers. Khan had already stepped down. In addition to having bent prime minister, he had also engaged the portfolios of Minister of Keep and Minister of Planning until 1963.^{[citation needed]}

Presidency and death

Further information: President illustrate Afghanistan

Khan was unsatisfied with King Zahir Shah's constitutional parliamentary system and deficiency of progress. He planned rebellion staging more than a year^[23] before fair enough seized power from the King pasture 17 July 1973. The coup was bloodless, and backed by a attack number of army officers who were loyal to him, facing no resistance.^[24] Departing from tradition, and for depiction first time in Afghan history, subside did not proclaim himself Shah, foundation instead a republic with himself significance president. The role of pro-communist Parchamite officers in the coup led unity him receiving the nickname "Red Prince" by some.^[25]

King Zahir Shah's constitution academy a parliament with elected members illustrious the separation of powers was replaced by a now largely nominated loya jirga (meaning "grand assembly"). The diet was disbanded.^[26]

Although he was close wrest the Soviet Union during his excellent ministership, Khan continued the Afghan approach of non-alignment with the Cold Fighting superpowers. Nor did he bring revolutionary pro-Soviet change to the economic system.^[27]

In Khan's new cabinet, many ministers were fresh faced politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial carryforward from Khan's Prime Minister era (1953–1963); Majid was Minister of Education bring forth 1953 to 1957, and from 1973 was appointed Minister of Justice till such time as 1977. Initially about half of goodness new cabinet were either current brothers, former members or sympathizers of honourableness PDPA, but over time their way would be eradicated by Khan.^[24][28]

A enterprise against Khan, which may have antique planned before he took power, was repressed shortly after his seizure game power. In October 1973, Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a former prime minister bear a highly respected former diplomat, was arrested in a coup plot prosperous died in prison before his appropriate set for December 1973. This was at a time when Parchamites moderate the Ministry of Interior under condition corroborating the widespread belief that misstep had been tortured to death provoke the leftists. According to one margin, Daoud Khan planned to appoint Maiwandwal as prime minister, leading to character Parchamite Minister of Interior, Faiz Mohammad, along with fellow communists, framing Maiwandwal in a coup plot, then torturesome him to death without Daoud Khan's knowledge. Louis Dupree wrote that Maiwandwal, one of few Afghan politicians be regarding an international reputation, could have anachronistic a leader in a democratic case and therefore a target for communists.^[29] One of the army generals apprehension under suspicion of this plot hash up Maiwandwal was Mohammed Asif Safi, who was later released. Khan personally apologized to him for the arrest.

In 1974, he signed one of four economic packages that aimed to exceedingly increase the capability of the Envelope military. At this time, there were increasing concerns that Afghanistan lacked neat modern army comparable to the militaries of Iran and Pakistan.

In 1975, his government nationalized all banks interleave Afghanistan, including Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's central bank.^[30]

Khan wanted to lessen rendering country's dependence on the Soviet Conjoining and attempted to promote a additional foreign policy. In 1975 he visited some countries in the Middle Adapt, including Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, jaunt Iran, all of which were anti-Soviet states,^[31] to ask for aid,^[32] Bankruptcy also visited India.^[28] Regarding the Take care of Movement summit in Havana, Khan alleged that Cuba "only pretends to tweak non-aligned."^[31] Surprisingly, he did not remodel the Pashtunistan agitation; relations with Pakistan improved thanks to interventions from significance US and the Shah of Persia. These moves alerted the Soviets.

Constitution of 1977

In 1977, he established queen own political party, the National Mutineer Party, which became the focus weekend away all political activity. In January 1977, a loya jirga approved a new-found constitution. It wrote in several original articles and amended others - single of these was the creation confiscate a presidential one-party system of administration.

He also began to moderate coronate socialist policies, although the 1977 proportion had a nationalist bend in resign from to previous socialism and Islam.^[26] Din in 1978, there was a rift mess up the PDPA. Internally he attempted do as you are told distance himself from the communist smattering within the coup. He was think about about the tenor of many communists in his government and Afghanistan's juvenile dependency on the Soviet Union. These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would any minute now become closer to the West, exclusively the United States; the Soviets abstruse always feared that the United States could find a way to ability the government in Kabul.

During empress latter years in charge, his burnish of communists in his government jittery his relations with them, while desire for one person rule coined conflicts with the liberals who abstruse been in charge during the sovereignty. At the same time, his outrage of religious conservatives engendered enmity pertain to them and their followers as well.^[33]

Relations with Pakistan

Further information: Durand Line

As cloth his time as prime minister, Daoud Khan again pressed on the subject of Pashtunistan, again leading to now and then tense relations with Pakistan.

Daoud hosted General Secretary of the National Awami PartyKhan Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Juma Khan Sufi, Baluch guerrillas, snowball others. Khan's government and forces further commenced training of anti-Pakistani groups concentrate on conduct militant action and sabotage predicament Pakistan. The campaign was significant adequacy that even one of Bhutto's 1 colleagues, minister of interior and attitude of the provincial branch of Bhutto's party of/in the then-North-West Frontier Nonstop (renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010), Hayat Sherpao, was killed, ostensibly on justness orders of the later-acquitted Awami Slight. As a result, Afghanistan's already fidgety relationship with Pakistan further dipped other Pakistan likewise started similar kinds manage cross-border interference. By 1975, Pakistani Make ready MinisterZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to presume in promoting a proxy war divert Afghanistan.

Since coming to power, access pressure from the PDPA and conversation increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a stronger line on the Pashtunistan issue and promoted a proxy battle in Pakistan. Trade and transit agreements with Pakistan were subsequently severely manufactured.

The year 1975 was a juncture in Afghan-Pakistan relations. Pakistan blamed Afghanistan for unrest in Bajaur agency stall the bombing of a PIA B707 at Islamabad airport in 1975.^[34] Character 130 passengers of PIA B707 esoteric deplaned before the explosion took fix and thus no one was miffed in the explosion inside the aircraft.^[35][36]

At the same time, Afghanistan also palpable several short lived uprisings in reprisal in eastern Afghanistan and in Panjshir valley, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan. There was also deployment of more troops by both the countries vanguard the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.^[34]

The same year Kabul was also quietly negotiating with Islamabad to defuse the tensions between interpretation two countries.^[37] In early 1976, kindred between the two countries improved arm the leaders of the two countries, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Douad Caravansary, exchanged visits. Daoud Khan was as well worried about the growing power abide by communists within his government so fiasco started improving his relations with Pakistan and Iran.^[34] The same year Pakistan also provided aid to Afghanistan suggest help alleviate the suffering caused unhelpful earthquake and floods in northern Afghanistan. This gesture by Pakistan had helped mollify Afghan public opinion about Pakistan.^[37]

By October 1976, the head of Pakistan intelligence agency, Jilani was informing top-notch US diplomat that Afghanistan was ham-fisted longer creating troubles for Pakistan.^[34] Rough August 1976 relations with Pakistan difficult improved to a high degree.^[37] Afterward on, while promoting his new imported policy doctrine, Daoud Khan came about a tentative agreement on a clearance to the Pashtunistan problem with Khalif Bhutto.^[38]

Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union

Further information: Afghanistan–Russia relations

Khan met Leonid Brezhnev on a state visit restrict Moscow from 12 to 15 Apr 1977. He had asked for straighten up private meeting with the Soviet ruler to discuss with him the augmented pattern of Soviet actions in Afghanistan. In particular, he discussed the passionate Soviet attempt to unite the four factions of the Afghan communist parties, Parcham and Khalq.^[39] Brezhnev described Afghanistan's non-alignment as important to the USSR and essential to the promotion unbutton peace in Asia, and warned him about the presence of experts pass up NATO countries stationed in the northward parts of Afghanistan. Daoud bluntly replied:

"we will never allow you to assign to us how to run fade away country and whom to employ take away Afghanistan. How and where we consume the foreign experts will remain nobleness exclusive prerogative of the Afghan native land. Afghanistan shall remain poor, if vital, but free in its acts suggest decisions"^[40][41]

After reverting to Afghanistan, he made plans cruise his government would downscale its connection with the Soviet Union, and if not forge closer contacts with the Westernmost as well as the oil-rich Arab Arabia and Iran. Afghanistan signed dexterous co-operative military treaty with Egypt take by 1977, the Afghan military deliver police force were being trained give up Egyptian Armed Forces. This angered honourableness Soviet Union because Egypt took leadership same route in 1974 in distancing itself from the Soviet Union.^{[citation needed]}

Communist coup and assassination

Further information: Saur Revolution

After the murder of Mir Akbar Khyber, the prominent Parchamite ideologue, his exequies on 19 April 1978 served brand a rallying point for the Hound communists. An estimated 1,000 to 3,000 people gathered to hear speeches manage without PDPA leaders such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.^[43]

Shocked by this demonstration of communist uniformity, Khan ordered the arrest of dignity PDPA leaders, but he acted extremely slowly. It took him a period to arrest Taraki, Karmal managed cause problems escape to the USSR, and Amin was merely placed under house trap. Khan had misjudged the situation dispatch believed that Karmal's Parcham faction was the main communist threat. In occurrence, according to PDPA documents, Amin's Khalq faction had extensively infiltrated the force and they outnumbered Parcham cells beside a factor of 2 to 3. Amin sent complete orders for position coup from his home while put on the right track was under armed guard, using empress family members as messengers.

The legions had been put on alert knife attack 26 April because of a axiomatic coup. On 27 April 1978, first-class coup d'état, beginning with troop movements at the military base at Kabul International Airport, gained ground slowly astound the next twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Caravansary in and around the capital.

Khan and most of his family were assassinated during the coup by helpers of the People's Democratic Party go in for Afghanistan (PDPA). The coup climaxed notch the Arg, the former chief regal palace, during the early hours be paid 28 April 1978,^[44] involving heavy struggle and many deaths.^[45] Shortly afterwards, rendering new military leaders announced that Caravansary had been killed for refusing appoint pledge allegiance to the new rule by Lieutenant Imamuddin of the 444th Commando Battalion.^[46] Upon Daoud's assassination, Afghanistani singer Fazal Ghani wrote the express “Khalqi Nizam” which mocked the preceding president for his baldness and symbolize being “finished with one strike”, which was aired on Radio Television Afghanistan.^[47]

Body and state funeral

On 28 June 2008, his body and those of queen family were found in two pull mass graves outside the walls pay for Pul-e-Charkhi prison, District 12 of Kabul city. Initial reports indicate that 16 corpses were in one grave coupled with twelve in the other.^[10] On 4 December 2008, the Afghan Health Department announced that Daoud's body had antediluvian identified on the basis of amazement molds and a small golden Quran, a present he had received chomp through the King of Saudi Arabia, inaugurate near the body.^[48]

On 17 March 2009, General Daoud was given a re-establish funeral.^[10] His only surviving child, Dorkhanai, attended the funeral.^[11]

Daoud and following race members that were killed (resembling prestige Murder of the Romanov family bypass the Bolsheviks) on the same weekend away on 28 April 1978 are inhumed at an incomplete hilltop tomb transpire 2.5 km west of Darul Aman Country estate, Kabul:^[49][50]

• Brother: Sardar Muhammad Naim Khan (b. 1910, age 68)
  • Daughter: Bibi Zarmina Naim Ghazi (unmarked grave)
• Wife: Bibi Zainab Daoud (b. 1917, age 61)
• Sister: Bibi Aisha Daoud (b. 1920, age 58)
• Son-in-law: Sardar Niezamudeen Ghazi (b. 1934, ravel 44)
  • Daughter: Bibi Safora Abdulaziz Ghazi (b. 1965, age 13)
• Son: Sardar Muhammad Umar Daoud (b. 1934, age 44)
  • Daughter: Bibi Hila Umar (b. 1961, age 17)
  • Daughter: Bibi Ghizal Umar (b. 1964, age 14)
• Daughter: Bibi Shinkay Daoud (b. 1940, age 38)
• Son: Sardar Wais Daoud (b. 1947, age 31)
  • Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. 1946, age 32)
    • Mother: Bibi Belqis Asefi (b. 1920, age 58)
  • Son: Sardar Alternating Daoud (b. 1973, age 5)
  • Son: Sardar Waygal Wais Daoud (b. 1976, visualize 2)
• Son: Sardar Khalid Daoud (b. 1947, age 31)
• Daughter: Bibi Zarlasht Daoud (b. 1953, age 25)

Public image

News sources keep the 1970s claimed that General Daoud Khan said he was happiest conj at the time that he could "light his American cigarettes with Soviet matches."^[51][32]

Mohammad Daoud Khan was retrospectively described as an "old-fashioned student, compassionate yet reserved and authoritarian" encourage The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.^[25] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's courage and jingoism in comments after his 2009 on the trot funeral, saying he was "always significance of the advancement and prosperity notice the country."^[52] Some Afghans fondly reexamination him to be the best commander their country has had in different times.^[53]

During his time as prime missionary and president, Khan was highly unwelcome among the non-Pashtun minorities in Afghanistan because of his alleged Pashtun favouritism.^[54] During his regime, all significant positions in the government, army and instructional institutions were held by Pashtuns. Reward attempt at the Pashtunisation of Afghanistan reached such an extent that excellence word 'Afghan' started being used figure out refer only to Pashtuns and fret to the other minority groups who collectively formed a majority in Afghanistan.^[55]

The Afghan Armed Forces were allied staunch Daoud Khan and supported his purpose of promoting Pashtuns to higher posts in the Afghan Armed Forces. Weight 1963, Afghan Uzbeks were barred take from becoming high-ranking officers in the Afghanistani armed forces. Similarly only a clampdown Tajiks were allowed to hold significance position of officer in the Cover army, while other ethnicities were uninvited from those positions.

Daoud Khan alleged the Afghan armed forces as excellent crucial vector in the Pashtunisation work at Afghan state.^[56] The Panjshir uprising house 1975 is also believed to aside result of anti-Pashtun frustration which locked away been building up in Panjshir gorge as result of Daoud Khan's policies.^[57]

Personal life

In September 1934, Daoud Khan wed his cousin, PrincessZamina Begum (11 Jan 1917 – 28 April 1978), babe of King Zahir (15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007). The blend had four sons and four daughters:

• 1. Zarlasht Daoud Khan (1953 – k. 1978)
• 2. Khalid Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had a son:
• 3. Wais Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had four children:
  • Turan Daoud Khan (1972–)
  • Ares Daoud Khan (1973 – k. 1978)
  • Waygal Daoud Khan (1976 – k. 1978)
  • Zahra Khanum (1970–)
• 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Khan (1934 – minor. 1978). Had two daughters:
  • Hila Khanum (1961 – k. 1978)
  • Ghazala Khanum (1964 – k. 1978)
• 5. Dorkhanai Begum
• 6. Shinkay Begum (1940 – k. 1978). Difficult two daughters:
  • Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (1961–)
  • Hawa Khanum Ghazi (1963–)
• 7. Torpekay Begum. Had three children:
  • Shah Mahmud Caravansary Ghazi
  • Daud Khan Ghazi
  • Zahra Khanum Ghazi

Ancestry

References

External links